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1 问题
请你判断一个 9 x 9 的数独是否有效。只需要 根据以下规则 ，验证已经填入的数字是否有效即可。
数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）
注意：
一个有效的数独（部分已被填充）不一定是可解的。
只需要根据以上规则，验证已经填入的数字是否有效即可。
空白格用 ‘.’ 表示。
示例 1：
输入：board =
[["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."]
,["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."]
,[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."]
,["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"]
,["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"]
,["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"]
,[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."]
,[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"]
,[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]]
输出：true
示例 2：
输入：board =
[["8","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."]
,["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."]
,[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."]
,["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"]
,["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"]
,["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"]
,[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."]
,[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"]
,[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]]
输出：false
解释：除了第一行的第一个数字从 5 改为 8 以外，空格内其他数字均与 示例1 相同。 但由于位于左上角的 3x3 宫内有两个 8 存在, 因此这个数独是无效的。
2 答案
这题直接不会
官方解，利用哈希表，哈希表也可以是列表，矩阵的表示方法也很妙，非常值得学习
class Solution:def isValidSudoku(self, board: List[List[str]]) -> bool:row = [[0] * 9 for _ in range(9)]col = [[0] * 9 for _ in range(9)]block = [[0] * 9 for _ in range(9)]for i in range(9):for j in range(9):if board[i][j] != '.':num = int(board[i][j]) - 1b = (i // 3) * 3 + j // 3 # 3*3 小矩阵的第b个矩阵，这个很妙if row[i][num] or col[j][num] or block[b][num]: # 看这几个位置是否有值，如果有一个有，则返回 Falsereturn Falserow[i][num] = col[j][num] = block[b][num] = 1return True
3 知识点
哈希表（Hash Table）：也叫做散列表。是根据关键码值（Key Value）直接进行访问的数据结构。
哈希表通过「键 key 」和「映射函数 Hash(key) 」计算出对应的「值value」，把关键码值映射到表中一个位置来访问记录，以加快查找的速度。这个映射函数叫做「哈希函数（散列函数）」，存放记录的数组叫做「哈希表（散列表）」。
https://blog.csdn.net/zy_dreamer/article/details/131036258